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Directed Questions for The Development of Literacy: As Reading Instruction Begins
Multiple Choice
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1.
Discuss emergent literacy. Identify different factors that can influence literacy development and give some examples of ways to prevent reading difficulties before kindergarten.
example:
Emergent literacy is the developmental process of literacy acquisition generally lasting from birth until children begin to use letter-sound associations to sound out words. During the emergent literacy phase, children are learning to understand language and beginning to understand the functions of print. Emergent literacy can be influenced by childrenīs own developmental processes, sensory impairments, health, and, experiences with language. Children´s experiences with language are influenced by cultural values, the level of community support, and family characteristics. Teachers can influence emergent literacy by promoting community literacy programs, early childhood screening programs, and early intervention programs.
Some activities that foster emergent literacy are reading aloud to and discussing stories with children, playing language games, singing songs, reciting nursery rhymes, having conversations, and expanding on children´s comments and ideas.
For individuals with disabilities or for those who were not exposed to print, emergent literacy can take place at any age, even through adulthood. Teachers and parents can continue to regularly read aloud and discuss different types of written material until students transition from "learning to read" to "reading to learn."
2.
List the major stages of word recognition development and give a brief explanation of each.
example:
The logographic stage typically begins around the age of two. It is during this stage that children first begin to understand that symbols can represent words and ideas. Distinctive visual characteristics of words may be remembered. There is no recognition that letters represent sounds in spoken words.
The transitional-alphabetic stage generally begins around the age of three or four when children are beginning to recognize some letter shapes and learn some letter names and sounds. Children in this stage typically use letter names rather than letter sounds to sound out words. Generally first and last letters are considered and the middle letters are ignored. This is not a very effective method for identifying words.
The alphabetic stage can begin at age three or four, but more typically begins during kindergarten when children learn to use letter-sound associations to sound out words. During this stage, beginning readers learn to look at and consider all of the letters when they sound out words. This now gives them an effective method to approach sounding out unknown words.
Once readers have seen and decoded a word numerous times, the specific letter patterns within the word become more and more familiar until the patterns or words are recognized automatically without having to be sounded out. This is called orthographic knowledge. Orthographic knowledge enables readers to automatically recognize words and word parts, thereby enabling them to concentrate on understanding what they are reading rather than trying to identify the words.
3.
Discuss the characteristics of effective intervention programs.
example:
Effective intervention programs are well-integrated research-based programs in which all teachers coordinate their efforts to provide the necessary levels of intensity for all students in the school. Ongoing staff-development is provided to support teachers in developing a common knowledge base as well as specialization. Sufficient time is allocated for teachers to plan and implement the interventions. Students are allowed the necessary time to develop the necessary levels of fluency. Systematic, explicit instruction in both reading and spelling is provided. High quality materials are utilized to provide students with the proper levels of reading and practice materials. Studentsī interests are also considered when materials are chosen. Finally, continuous assessment of students progress and evaluation of program effectiveness guide the instructional and programmatic decisions.
Beginning Word Reading
