Curriculum-based measurement: Frequent samples of student performance related to curriculum outcomes that occur throughout a unit; usually brief in duration (i.e., 1-3 minute samples) so that CBMs can occur more frequently; usually results in a numerical indicator that can be graphed to provide the student and teacher with a visual representation of student progress

Error analysis: The process of examining student work or performance to determine patterns of errors so that it is evident what type of information or skills the student is doing well in, and what areas the student is making mistakes in

Formative assessments: Ungraded assessment techniques used in a class; formative assessments inform the teacher and the student about how well the student is progressing toward the course outcomes

Portfolio assessment: Student work that is placed in a folder, or portfolio, to depict student progress and achievement with course content; portfolio work may consist of work in progress or work at its endpoint (i.e., the final project)

Summative assessments: Graded assignments, projects, quizzes, or tests in a class that are typically scored to derive a course grade